EFFECT OF CAFFEINE ON PHARMACOKINETICS OF PARACETAMOL IN HEALTHY HUMAN VOLUNTEERS: A CASE STUDY OF PANADOL EXTRA®
- Project Research
- 1-5 Chapters
- Abstract : Available
- Table of Content: Available
- Reference Style: APA
- Recommended for : Student Researchers
- NGN 3000
ABSTRACT
Acetaminophen or paracetamol is an analgesic and anti-pyretic agent widely used for treatment of headaches, minor pains and in combination with other medications like cold remedies and opoid analgesics. Individuals with headaches and minor pains tend to use paracetamol with caffeine combinations than paracetamol alone in their treatment due to faster relief. However, the pharmacokinetic rationale for use is still unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of caffeine on pharmacokinetics of paracetamol in Panadol Extra® tablets using healthy human volunteers. Three different batches of Panadol® and Panadol Extra® tablets sourced from retail outlets within Zaria were analysed qualitatively using in vitro analysis which include weight uniformity test, friability test, chemical assay, dissolution test, disintegration test and also for the pharmacokinetic studies. Standard paracetamol powder was used for pilot study and to validate the modification of Glynn and Kendal method using spiked aqueous samples with known concentrations of paracetamol and a calibration curve was plotted. Twelve (12) healthy volunteers of both sexes within the age of 20-29 years took part in the study. It was a single blind, cross over study with wash out period of two weeks. Each volunteer was administered 1g tablets of both test samples containing paracetamol orally with 200ml of water after fasting overnight and saliva was sampled at different time intervals up to six (6) hours. The samples were analyzed for presence of paracetamol using the Glynn and Kendal method modified by Shihana by taking their absorbances with a UV spectrophotometer at 430nm. The results were compared using the independent student‟s t- test between the samples. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. All the six batches of samples studied passed in vitro tests for paracetamol except for a sample of Panadol Extra® tablets that failed the friability test. The pharmacokinetic parameters compared showed variable values. However consistently higher saliva paracetamol concentrations ranging from 22.20 to 25.20 µg/ml were seen with all samples of Panadol Extra® tablets which was statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) compared to Panadol® tablets which ranged from 20.60 – 22.50 µg/ml. All the other values calculated did not show statistical significant difference when compared. This study has therefore shown that Panadol Extra® tablets and Panadol® tablets are chemically equivalent for the paracetamol component and possess varying values of pharmacokinetic parameters. This was indicated by the significantly higher saliva paracetamol levels for Panadol Extra® tablets as compared to Panadol® tablets and may be concluded that caffeine in Panadol Extra® tablets is responsible.
Related Project Materials
EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION INTO THE CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF COVID-19 AMONG ALVAN IKOKU FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, OWERRI
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to empirically investigate into the causes and prevention of Covid-...
Social-Emotional Learning in Early Childhood: Teaching Emotional Intelligence and Empathy
Abstract
This research explores the impact of social-emotional learning on early childhood education, focusing on emotional intelligence,...
ETHNO-RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS AND THE INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS: AN AGITATION FOR LEGAL FRAMEWORK
ABSTRACT
Nigeria as an Independent state with different ethnic and religious groups over the years experienced a number of ethno-religiou...
INVESTIGATING THE ROLE OF EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION IN BUILDING RESILIENCE AMONG CHILDREN
Abstract: This study investigates the pivotal role of early childhood education (ECE) in fostering resilienc...
THE EFFECT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM ON THE GROWTH OF SMES IN NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to examine the effect of information technology system...
EFFECT OF MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS ON NIGERIA ECONOMY
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this study was to look at international business management and assess t...
ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out on entrepreneurship education and its influence on the development...
Employment Practices and Working conditions among Contract Employees in the American Oil Companies in Nigeria and the United States of America
ABSTRACT
This study examined employment practices and working conditions among contract employees in the American oil companies in Nigeri...
THE INFLUENCE OF GODFATHERISM IN NIGERIA POLITICS IN THE FOURTH REPUBLIC
ABSTRACT
The discourse of godfatherism had so much influenced the socio-economic and political life of the nation espec...
EXPLORING THE EFFECTS OF EARLY CHILDHOOD ROBOTICS PROGRAMS ON PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS
ABSTRACT: Exploring the effects of early childhood robotics programs...
