Background of the study
Hashtag campaigns have become a hallmark of digital activism, significantly impacting semantic variation in Nigerian online discourse. On Twitter, political hashtags are not only used to mobilize support but also to reshape the meanings of words by recontextualizing them in socio-political narratives (Adeola, 2023). Nigerian users repurpose common terms and coin new expressions through hashtag campaigns, resulting in rapid semantic shifts that reflect current political climates. These campaigns facilitate the formation of dynamic semantic networks where meanings evolve in real time, influenced by collective engagement and cultural factors (Ibrahim, 2024). This study examines the semantic variations induced by political hashtag campaigns on Twitter, investigating how these digital tools drive meaning change and contribute to a shifting digital lexicon (Obi, 2025).
Statement of the problem
Although political hashtag campaigns have been observed to drive semantic variation in Nigerian Twitter discourse, there is limited research on the specific processes underlying these changes. Existing studies often focus on the political efficacy of hashtags without delving into the detailed semantic transformations they provoke. This gap hinders our ability to model digital semantic evolution and to understand how collective online behavior influences language meaning (Chinwe, 2023).
Objectives of the study
1. To analyze semantic shifts induced by political hashtags on Twitter.
2. To identify patterns of meaning change.
3. To develop theoretical models of digital semantic evolution.
Research questions
1. What semantic changes occur in political hashtag campaigns?
2. How do these changes reflect socio-political contexts?
3. What mechanisms drive these semantic shifts?
Significance of the study
This study is significant as it investigates the impact of political hashtag campaigns on semantic variation in Nigerian Twitter discourse, contributing to our understanding of digital semantic evolution and informing language policy (Adeola, 2023; Obi, 2025).
Scope and limitations of the study
The study is limited to analyzing political hashtag campaigns on Nigerian Twitter, excluding other platforms and non-political content.
Definitions of terms
• Semantic Variation: Changes in the meaning of words over time.
• Hashtag: A word or phrase preceded by "#" used to index content.
• Digital Lexicon: The vocabulary emerging from online communication.
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