CHARACTERIZATION OF staphylococcus aureus ISOLATED FROM DOOR HANDLES

CHARACTERIZATION OF staphylococcus aureus ISOLATED FROM DOOR HANDLES

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Background of study

A problem for world health has been the spread of infectious diseases by hand contact. Gram positive and negative bacteria are notably known to infect surfaces that come into touch with people, such as door handles, tables, chairs, windows, etc (Itah et al., 2004). Since most countries lack statistics, it is difficult to estimate how much infectious diseases contribute to morbidity and mortality, and they continue to be a major cause of death globally (Barbosa et al., 2011). Common cold and sores, conjunctivitis, giardiasis, diarrhea, impetigo, meningitis, pneumonia, and other illnesses can be contracted through contact with environmental surfaces. Numerous bacterial species are responsible for these disorders. in 2012 (Samant et al.).The primary source of microbe transmission to environmental surfaces has been identified as human hands. Hands frequently serve as vectors that spread disease-causing organisms including bacteria and viruses from person to person through direct contact or indirectly through surfaces, according to (Curtis et al., 2003) and (Fewtrell et al., 2007). Some of these dangerous microorganisms prevalent in the environment can be transmitted to human hands through poor personal hygiene (Mensah et al., 2002).

According to studies, environmental surfaces that are frequently handled by humans have a higher bacterial load than toilet seats and bathroom floors. This consequence might be caused by the cumulative contamination of door knobs brought on by unsanitary environments (Augustino et al., 2014). The traditional practice of hand washing, which was the first line of defense in halting the transmission of disease, has been ignored and has to be enthusiastically adopted by families, schools, and healthcare workers. But many people appear to simply run water over their hands without soap, and some people don't even wash their hands after using the restroom (Barker et al., 2000) Staphylococcus aureus is a significant human and animal pathogen that causes both community-acquired illnesses and infections associated with health care. infection (Shen et al., 2013). (Shen et al., 2013). Because of its pathogenicity, it is a pathogen of considerable concern (Giannini et al., 2009). Its capacity to produce a wide variety of fatal diseases and its capacity to adjust to various environmental conditions (Reynolds et al., 2005).

The most often isolated pathogen for pneumonia, urinary tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, and infections of the bones and joints has been discovered to be Staphylococcus aureus (Klein et al., 2013). One of the most frequently cited potential sources of these S. aureus infections is door handles (Nworie, et al., 2012).

Over the past 100 years, Staphylococcus aureus has been identified as a significant contributor to human disease. Numerous infections are known to be caused by it. These diseases range in severity from mild skin infections to debilitating septicemia and endocarditis (Howden et al., 2010). S. aureus strains had a death rate of more than 75% prior to the development of antibiotics (Van et al., 2012). Penicillin first treated S. aureus infections successfully, but then the drug's resistance started to spread (Atkinson and Lorian, 1984). Penicillin resistance now affects more than 90% of staphylococcus strains, with methicillin, aminoglycosides, macrolides, and lincosamide following closely behind (Chambers, 2001). (Levin et al., 2005). Vancomycin, a glycopeptide antibiotic, was first made available in 1958. Therefore, vancomycin has been the most effective treatment for severe staphylococcal infections, which are becoming more prevalent internationally (Hiramatsu et al., 1997). Vancomycin resistance in S. aureus was not thought to be a likely issue for many years. As a result, initial reports of vancomycin resistance in clinical S. aureus isolates from Japan in 1997 led to serious worry (Hiramatsu et al., 1997). VRSA strains have been isolated from other nations outside of Japan, demonstrating that the issue is a worldwide one (Trakulsomboon et al., 2001). There are two types of vancomycin resistance in staphylococci. Van genes cause the first sort of resistance (Perichon and Courvalin, 2009). The second kind results in thicker and more disordered cell walls due to enhanced autolytic activity and cell wall synthesis (Hanaki et al., 1998).

A significant source of the spread of infectious diseases is posed by nematodes that are in regular contact with people or the environments of pathogenic organisms (Osterholm et al., 1995). The fomites include the door handles for the amenities, showers, toilets, and hand lockers, particularly those found in public buildings, hospitals, hotels, and restaurants (Bright et al., 2010). In addition to regular human contact, which is one method of disease transmission, the main factor in the development of community-acquired illnesses is termites (Presscott et al., 1993).

Bacteria and fungus pollute our bodies, homes, places of employment, and the entire environment. Microorganisms are present everywhere. Fortunately, only 1500 of the many billions of bacteria that exist can be harmful to our health and cause various illnesses like pneumonia or skin infections (Eltablawy and Elhinfnawi, 2009). Every ecosystem is largely made up of microorganisms. They exist either freely or as parasites in various habitats (Sleigh and Timbury, 1998). Microorganisms can spread from person to person and from place to place through the hands. The presence of pathogenic germs can cause chronic or acute sickness even though it is practically impossible for the hand to be germ-free (Oranusi et al., 2013).

The regular flora of the human body as well as transient bacteria that are touched from the environment are both present on human hands (Lindberg et al., 2004). Students frequently have access to service offices in a university setting for a variety of objectives. Given that the door handles are not regularly cleaned and sanitized, there is a high potential for the spread of pathogenic bacteria. Despite the fact that it is widely acknowledged that the risk of infection among the general public is lower than that of hospital patients (Scott et al., 1982). A significant public health worry is the rise in the frequency of epidemic breakouts of some diseases and the speed at which they are spreading from one community to another (Nworie et al., 2012).

1.2 Statement of problem

Antibiotic resistance has become a major threat to human health around the world. Due to the ease of spread of antibacterial resistance among bacteria as well as the widespread use of door handles, which are fomites that facilitate the spread of bacteria, bacteria spread in the environment. Unfortunately, a good number of people believe that microbes are only present in research laboratories or in hospitals and clinics and thus, have a misleading feeling of security outside healthcare facilities. This is due to the lack of knowledge about where bacteria/disease causing organisms can be found. Thus, there is a need for studies that will educate people on the incidence and prevalence of disease-causing organisms in the community.

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