UNEMPLOYMENT AND INFLATION IN NIGERIA
- Project Research
- 1-5 Chapters
- Abstract : Available
- Table of Content: Available
- Reference Style: APA
- Recommended for : Student Researchers
- NGN 3000
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Undoubtedly, parts of the macroeconomic goals which the government strives to achieve are the maintenance of stable domestic price level and full-employment. Macroeconomic performance is judged by three broad measures- unemployment rate, inflation rate, and the growth rate of output (Ugwuanyi, 2004). Unemployment has been categorized as one of the serious impediments to social progress. Apart from representing an enormous waste of a country‟s manpower resources, it generates welfare loss in terms of lower output thereby leading to lower income and well-being (Raheem, 1993). Inflation on the other hand, has been a major problem in the country over the years. Inflation is a household word in many market oriented economies. Although several people, producers, consumers, professionals, non-professionals, trade unionists, workers and the likes, talk frequently about inflation particularly if the situation has assumed UNEMPLOYMENT AND INFLATION IN NIGERIA 2013 2 a chronic character, yet only selected few know or even bother to know about the mechanics and consequences of inflation. Prior to the emergence of what became to be known as the unemployment and inflation trade-off or Phillips curve in 1958, unemployment and inflation were considered and treated in economics as distinct subjects. Keynes for instance described inflation as the excess of expenditure over income at full-employment level. He contended that the greater the aggregate expenditure, the larger the inflationary gap and the more rapid the inflation. As for unemployment, the Keynesian economists hold that an increase in unemployment reduces income, which reduces consumption, and reduces aggregate output. As a result, employment can be increased by increasing consumption or investment. The monetarist on the other hand, explained inflation in terms of excessive growth of the money supply relative to real output. Their view on unemployment, however, is framed within the context of Milton Friedman‟s permanent income hypothesis. Based on the Permanent Income Hypothesis (PIH), a reduction in employment and current UNEMPLOYMENT AND INFLATION IN NIGERIA 2013 3 receipts only affects output to the extent that the anticipated income declines. Each school of thought offered its own policy solutions. There were however, no major attempts made to examine inflation and unemployment simultaneously. It was not until 1958, following the introduction of Phillip‟s curve by A.W. Phillips, that traditional economics began to examine unemployment and inflation simultaneously, thereby postulating a trade-off between inflation and unemployment- a lower inflation rate must be willing to put-up with a higher level of unemployment, and vice-versa. However, economists such as Milton Friedman and Edmund Phelps disapproved Phillips‟ curve thesis, stating that the trade-off between unemployment and inflation only existed in the short-run and that in the long-run, the Phillips curve is vertical. This led to the introduction of the Natural Rate Hypothesis. Also, empirical analysis carried out by other economists over the years, have in one way or the other disproved the authenticity of the trade-off thesis as postulated by Phillips. Both high inflation rates and high unemployment rates were discovered to co-exist, giving rise to UNEMPLOYMENT AND INFLATION IN NIGERIA 2013 4 what has come to be known as stagflation. These twin problems are currently crucial elements of most Less Developed Countries‟ economic crisis. Unemployment and inflation are issues that are central to both the social and economic life of every country. The existing literature refers to unemployment and inflation as constituting a vicious circle that explains the endemic nature of poverty in developing countries. And it has been argued that continuous improvement in productivity- which brings about the adequate supply of goods and services - is the surest way to breaking the vicious circle. The Nigerian experience of the crisis of unemployment and inflation was delayed until the early - and mid- 1980s with the collapse of oil prices on which the economy had become dangerously dependent on. Before the 1980s, previous records showed that the Nigerian economy was able to provide jobs for its increasing population, and was able to absorb considerable imported labour in the scientific sectors. The wage rate compared favourably with international standards, the inflation rate was moderate, and there was relative industrial peace in most industry sub-groups. UNEMPLOYMENT AND INFLATION IN NIGERIA 2013 5 The oil boom in the 1970s led to the mass migration of youths into the urban area, seeking to get work. However, following the recession experienced in the 1980s, the available data revealed that, the problem of unemployment started to manifest, precipitating the introduction of the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), the rapid depreciation of the naira exchange rate and the inability of most industries to import the raw materials required to sustain their output levels. A major consequence of the rapid depreciation of the naira was the sharp rise in the general price level (inflation), leading to a significant decline in the real wages. The low wages in turn fuelled a weakening purchasing power of wage earners and a decline in the aggregate demand. Consequently, industries started to accumulate unintended inventories and, as a rational economic agent, the manufacturing firms started to rationalize their market prices. With the simultaneous rapid expansion in the educational sector, new entrants into the labour market increased beyond absorptive capacity of the economy. Thus, the avowed government‟s objective of achieving “full employment” failed. The research work is therefore intended to access the applicability of the trade-off thesis in Nigeria.
Related Project Materials
PROBLEM AND PROSPECTS OF PIG FARMING IN OVIA NORTH EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA IN EDO STATE
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to investigate problem and prospect of pig farming in Ovia North East Local G...
PREGNANCY AND ABORTION: A PROBLEM FOR THE GIRL-CHILD EDUCATION IN NIGERIAPREGNANCY AND ABORTION: A PROBLEM FOR THE GIRL-CHILD EDUCATION IN NIGERIA
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
In humans, the process of gestation is most commonly referred to as pregnancy....
ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION IN IRISH POTATOES AND SOILS FROM AN ABANDONED MINING SITE IN JOS-SOUTH, USING AAS AND XRF TECHNIQUES
ABSTRACT
This study was undertaken to assay the elemental concentration in some Irish potatoes and soils from farmlands in an ex-mining a...
THE EFFECT OF ENDSARS PROTEST ON THE GROWTH AND ECONOMY OF NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
The project on the effect of endsars protest on the growth and economy of nigeria. The project aimed at investigati...
REFINING OF SOYA BEAN OIL
ABSTRACT
This project work studied the refining of crude soya bean oil extracted from soya bean seed using alkali /caustic refining metho...
CHARACTERIZATION AND BENEFICIATION OF NASARAWA-EGGON LEAD-ZINC ORE, NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA
Abstract
Characterization and flotation studies were carried out on the Nasarawa-Eggon leadzinc ore sample through Chemical analysis, Min...
ASSESSMENT OF TEACHING AND LEARNING ENGLISH GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURES IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The teaching and study of the English language is extremely vital in today's culture. This i...
THE EFFECT OF SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN SCHOOLS
ABSTRACT
Different school environments contribute to poor performance in the schools in this area and necessitated the...
FIDUCIARY ACCOUNTING FOR FAMILY BUSINESSES AND SUCCESSION PLANNING
Abstract: Fiduciary accounting is critical for family businesses, particularly in the context of succession planning, where financial transparency...
IMPACT OF MOTOR DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY ON THE QUALITY OF LIFE AND GENERAL HEALTH STATUS OF CAREGIVERS
ABSTRACT
Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neuropaediatric condition which occurs as a result of damage to an immature brain resulting in abnormal...
