DEVELOPMENT OF MODELS FOR RATING SEISMIC ACTIVITIES USING RADIATED ENERGY OF EARTHQUAKES
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- NGN 3000
Earthquakes
An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The energy released during an earthquake could be in the form of elastic strain energy, gravitational potential energy or chemical energy. Of all these, the release of elastic strain is the most important cause, because this form of energy is the only kind that can be stored in sufficient quantity in the Earth to produce major disturbances. Earthquakes associated with this type of energy release are called tectonic earthquakes. Other causes of earthquakes include volcanism, artificial induction, reservoir induction, and nuclear explosions. Earthquakes have varied effects including changes in geologic features, damages to man-made structures, and impact on human and animal life. Most of these effects occur on solid ground, but since most earthquake foci are actually located under the ocean bottom, severe effects are often observed along the margins of oceans, some of which are tsunamis.
Size of Earthquake
The size of an earthquake is an indirect measure of the quantity of energy released at the earthquake focus. Over the years, attempts have been made to describe the size of individual earthquakes. Before measuring instruments were invented, intensity scales were used. Major intensity scales include the Mercalli Scales and the Modified Mercalli Scales; these were based on the description of an earthquake in terms of its effect on structures and environment. After the invention of measuring instruments, different magnitude scales were developed. Examples are Body wave Magnitude (Mb), Surface wave Magnitude (Ms), Richter‘s (local) Magnitude (ML), and Moment Magnitude (Mw).
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