VIOLATION OF CHILD’S RIGHTS IN AFRICA- A STUDY OF SOME SELECTED AFRICAN NOVELS
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- NGN 3000
Background to the Study
The issues of the violation of child rights in Africa have attracted much attention in recent literature. The violation can be found in movies, novels, newspapers and magazines. Julius Obayome and Okoruwa Williams observe that the “Violation of child‟s rights is a persistent problem found throughout most of the developing world, and to a lesser extent, in developed countries”(281).Though restrictions on violation of child‟s rights exist in many countries, many children are still being abused in many ways like child labour, child sex abuse, lack of education, poor health facilities and many more. These vulnerable states make them prone to high level of exploitation. This abuse stems from the fact that many countries of the world have either not domesticated the child‟s rights act or have refused to implement it. For instance, The Sun Newspaper editorial of 27th May, 2018 reported that Nigeria is a signatory to the treaty, and it is sad that only 24 out of the 36 states have domesticated the Child‟s Rights Act. The paper also noted, though sadly, that not all the 24 states that have domesticated the act were committed to its enforcement. The International Labour Organization in New Global Estimate on Child Labour, defines a child as “an individual under the age of eighteen” (5). In Nigeria, the Children and Young Person‟s Law provides a vivid definition of who a child is. According to the law, as quoted by Ikenga Metuh in International Journal of Research in Education, “A child is a person who is dependent upon other individuals (parents, relatives, or government officials) for his or her lively-hood” (2). Section 49 of Article 28, chapter 3 of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 2 recognizes a person of eighteen years and above as having attained full age or adulthood. In other words, persons below eighteen years of age are to be regarded as children. The International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention Paper No. 138 of 1998 specifies fifteen years as the age above which, in normal circumstances, a person may be in economic activity. However, the Child‟s Rights Protection of 2015 recognizes a child to mean “any person who is below eighteen years”. For the purpose of this study, the age adopted by the 1999 Constitution of Federal Republic of Nigeria and Child‟s Rights Protection Act of 2015 shall be adopted, that is, regarding individuals below the age of 18 years as children. In accordance with Article 24 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the study defines all persons under the age of 18 as children. However, not all problems affect children of all age groups equally, and for this reason the study highlights the age characteristics of certain problems. In this respect, it should be noted that the first five years of life show children as most vulnerable and their mortality rates are highest. At this time, care, and stimulation are also crucially important for the child‟s long term development. From the age of six, children enter a new phase of life, when they are physically less vulnerable, mentally more mature and ready to begin formal education. Issues of access to and quality of education are especially important to assess from this age onwards. From their early teens, children enter into adolescence, a period of transition to adulthood which presents a new set of challenges, including indulging in sexual activities, with its risks of exposure to HIV/AIDS. There are no hard and fast dividing lines between age groups. Many problems invade age groups, although often with greater intensity or impact in some than in others. Thus, exploitative or hazardous child labour could be a problem concentrated among adolescents, but some younger children remain the most seriously affected, precisely because of their tender age.
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