PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND ANTIMICROBIAL STUDIES OF THE STEM BARK OF DETARIUM MICROCARPUM GUILL. & PERR. (FABACEAE)
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Abstract
Detarium microcarpum Guill & Perr. (Fabaceae) is used in parts or whole in Nigeria and several other West African countries for the treatment of various ailments; either as topical applications or oral administration. It is used alone or with other herbs and consumed to either alleviate pains or treat other form of diseases like malaria, pile, bacterial infection etc. The pharmacognostic studies were carried out on the stem bark of the plant. This comprises the marcroscopic studies, microscopic studies and the evaluation of the crude drug. The anatomical and powdered samples of this plant parts were investigated for their microscopic profiles. These revealed the presence of phloem tissues, parenchyma cells, cork cells, calcium oxalate crystals, starch grains and secretory ducts. The anatomical/transverse section revealed the presence of xylem tissues in addition to the tissues found on the bark. The following were the physical constants: moisture content (5.10), Ash value (4.3), acid insoluble extractive value (1.80), alcohol soluble extractive value (22.0) and water soluble extractive value (18.0). The phytochemical screening of the methanol extract of this plant indicated the presence of saponins (triterpenes), carbohydrates, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, tannins and alkaloids. The total phenolic content of the methanol stem bark extract was determined in terms of tannic acid equivalent (TAE) as 16.00 mg/g; the tannin fraction as 13.86 mg/g and that of the residual fraction as 2.14 mg/g of bark weight of Detarium microcarpum. TLC studies of the pet-ether fraction, Crude extract, residual fraction and tannins fraction was done. Nine distinct spots were obtained on a TLC plate for the pet-ether fraction when the solvent system n-Hexane : Ethyl-acetate (9:1v/v) was used and three distinct spots resulted from the Methanol crude extract when the solvent system ethyl-acetate : MeOH : Water (10:1.6:1.4 v/v) was used. The co-chromatography of the MeOH extract and five different standard reference compounds (catechol, gallic acid, phloroglucinol, pyragallol and quercetin) revealed the presence of catechol and quercetin. 8 The Methanol crude extract showed an LD50 of 282.84 mg/kg; the tannin fraction had an LD50 >5000 mg/kg and the residual fraction revealed an LD50 of 269,300 mg/kg in mice. The crude Methanol extract was bactericidal. The isolates used were more susceptible to the crude methanol extract; this is likely due to some synergistic effect. The results obtained from this research could be used for the preparation of a monograph for the plant.
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