COMPARATIVE PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDIES OF THE LEAVES OF SOLANUM INCANUM LINN AND SOLANUM MELONGENA LINN (SOLANACEAE)
- Project Research
- 1-5 Chapters
- Abstract : Available
- Table of Content: Available
- Reference Style: APA
- Recommended for : Student Researchers
- NGN 3000
ABSTRACT
Solanum incanum Linn. and Solanum melongena Linn (Solanaceae) are both shrubs or trees found in the sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East. Both are called „gauta‟ among the Hausa community of Northern Nigeria and „Tarku‟ among the Bura/Babar speaking people of Southern Borno of North Eastern Nigeria. They are widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of pain related illnesses such as sore throat, angina, stomach-ache, colic, headache, painful menstruation, liver pain and pain caused by onchocerciasis, pleurisy, pneumonia and rheumatism. Microscopic, chemo-microscopic, quantitative evaluative and thin layer chromatographic (TLC) studies were carried out on the leaves of both plant species using standard pharmacognostic procedures. Elemental analysis using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) technique was also carried out on the two plant species. Organoleptically, leaves of both plants were green in colour and distinct in odour, but S. incanum had a more bitter taste than S. melongena. Microscopically, leaves of both plants had predominantly anisocytic stomata of different sizes on the adaxial surface, while anomocytic stomata were predominant on the abaxial surfaces. Numerous non glandular stellate trichomes of different sizes were observed on the abaxial surface of both plants. Epidermal cells with wavy anticlinal walls were observed on both surfaces of the two plant species. Transversely, the leaves of both plants were dorsiventral with multilacunar vascular bundles. Calcium oxalate crystal (prism), starch grains (oval-shaped) and xylem vessels (spiral) were observed. Quantitative-leaf microscopy of the two plants had shown that S. melongena had a higher vein-islet termination number (4.80) than S. incanum (3.40). They also differ in their stomatal numbers and indices: 4.00 and 6.80 (upper epidermis) and 12.00 and 20.50 (lower epidermis) in S. melongena were higher than 2.00 and 3.70 (upper epidermis) and 8.00 and 13.30 (lower epidermis) in S. incanum respectively, but had viii the same palisade ratio (4.60) and vein-islet number (2.60). Chemomicroscopic studies showed that both plants had all features tested in common, namely cellulose, lignin, starch, tannins, mucilage, fats and fixed oils and calcium oxalate crystals were present, while calcium carbonate was absent. Physicochemical analysis (%w/w) revealed that water-soluble ash (10.2%) and water-soluble extractive value (19.2%) were higher in S. melongena than in S. incanum (8.4%) and (18%) respectively. While moisture content (4.1%), total ash (20.5%), acid-insoluble ash (7.0%) and alcohol-soluble extractives (12.4%) were found to be higher in S. incanum than in S. melongena (3.5%), (19.0%), (6.0%) and (9.6%) respectively. Quantitative estimation of alkaloids in the leaves of the two plants revealed that S. incanum (8.0%) had a slightly higher percentage of alkaloid than S. melongena (5.0%). The mineral element concentrations (ppm) of the leaf powder of the two plants were found to vary considerably. Generally, S. incanum was found to contain more mineral elements both in number and concentrations than S. melongena. Uranium (0.026+0.007) the potentially toxic element and Neodymium (11.000+3.000) were only present in S. incanum. The percentage yield of the ethanol extract obtained revealed that S. incanum (2.42%) had a higher percentage yield than S. melongena (1.29%). Phytochemical screening on the ethanol extracts of both plants showed that they had all the phytochemicals tested in common namely; alkaloids, carbohydrate, flavonoids, cardiac glycoside, tannins and saponins were present while anthraquinone was absent. Thin Layer Chromatographic analysis of the crude ethanol extract showed several numbers of spots with different Rf values. Chromatographic analysis of the alkaloid extract of S. incanum and S. melongena also showed several numbers of spots with different Rf values. The results of this study show that Solanum incanum and S. melongena possess some similar morphological, anatomical and phytochemical characteristics. They were found to differ in respect to their histological features, ix physicochemical parameters and elemental mineral contents. The result can be useful in setting some diagnostic indices for the differentiation, identification, authentication and the preparation of the monograph of the two plants.
Related Project Materials
TRIPLY ENTRY ACCOUNTING SYSTEM AND FINANCIAL REPORTING
INTRODUCTION
Modern financial accounting is based on a double entry system. Described simply, double en...
IMPACT OF PURCHASING STRATEGIES ON ORGANIZATIONAL GROWTH PZ INDUSTRIAL PLC
Abstract
This study is on impact of purchasing strategies on organizational growth Pz industrial plc. The total populati...
INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL STUDIES TEACHERS’ PROFESSIONAL TRAINING ON JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS’ PERFORMANCE IN KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
Background to the Study
Education is an important instrument for achieving national development. It is through the process of education t...
THE ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION IN THE PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
This study aimed at examining the legal framework for the promotion and protection of Human Rights in Nigeria in relation to the...
PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY STUDIES OF THE LEAVES OF ALLOPHYLUS AFRICANUS BEAUV (SAPINDACEAE)
ABSTRACT
This study evaluated some pharmacognostic standards and anti-inflammatory activity of the leaves of Allophylus africanus Beauv (...
AN ASSESSMENT OF GHANA SCHOOL FEEDING PROGRAMME AND ITS IMPACT ON EDUCATION AND POVERTY REDUCTION (CASE STUDY OF SAVELUGUNANTON DISTRICT, GHANA
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Global focus on poverty reduction as a way of speeding growth and maintaining development sp...
PREVALENCE AND KNOWLEDGE ASSESSMENT OF OBSTETRIC FISTULA AMONG WOMEN ACCESSING OBSTETRIC CARE AT GAMBO SAWABA GENERAL HOSPITAL ZARIA
ABSTRACT
Background: Obstetric fistula is a breach in the birth duct by means of undue labor without appropriate and prone health aid. It...
A TRUANCY EVALUATION AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS: EXPERIENCE OF NIGERIA
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
One of the greatest issues confronting Nigerian society today is citizens'...
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, NUTRITIVE VALUE AND ACCEPTABILITY OF SOYBEAN CHEESE (TOFU) AMONG BOARDING SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
Background to the Study
Legumes are nutritious and economical sources of protein for population of developing countries...
THE APPRAISAL OF MULTI-NATIONAL CORPORATION TO THE CONTRIBUTION OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ( A CASE STUDY OF EXXON MOBIL OIL COMPANY, EKET) AKWA-IBOM STATE
ABSTRACT
Multinational Corporation is now globally accepted business firms which have adopted various cultures and take responsibility fo...
