ANALGESIC, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND OTHER PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF METHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF OLAX SUBSCORPIOIDEA OLIV (OLACACEAE) IN LABORATORY ANIMALS
- Project Research
- 1-5 Chapters
- Abstract : Available
- Table of Content: Available
- Reference Style: APA
- Recommended for : Student Researchers
- NGN 3000
ABSTRACT
Synthetic analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs have major side effects such as constipation, nausea and vomiting, sedation and mental clouding, etc.,which have significantly limited their use.There is therefore, an intensification of search for newer analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents from the huge array of medicinal plant resources with better efficacy and fewer side effect profiles. Medicinal plants such as Olax subscorpioidea have been used traditionally for the management of pains, inflammatory diseases, yellow fever, cancer and rheumatism. The study aims at establishing the analgesic and anti-inflammatory potentials of methanol leaf extract of Olax subscorpioidea; and elucidating its possible mechanism of actions. The methanol extract and its fractions were subjected to phytochemical screening; oral and intraperitoneal median lethal dose (LD50) determination; evaluation of analgesic activities using acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin induced pain and hot plate tests in mice; and evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema model in rats. The doses (oral) used for these studies were 250, 500 and 1,000 mg/kg for the methanol extract, residual aqueous and butanol fractions; while doses of 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg were used for the hexane fraction. The residual aqueous and butanol fractions (1,000 mg/kg, orally) were subjected to sub-acute inflammation studies using cotton-pellet induced granuloma in rats; also the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines in the tissue exudates of rats following carrageenan induced paw oedema was investigated. The roles of opioidergic, (α1, α2 and β)-adrenergic, serotonergic, ATP-sensitive potassium channels and nitric oxide-larginine pathways in the analgesic activities of the butanol fraction (1,000 mg/kg, oral) were further investigated. Results of the preliminary phytochemical screening of the methanol extract and the fractions indicated the presence of various phytochemicals such as vii carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, steroid and triterpenes. The oral LD50 of the methanol extract, residual aqueous and butanol fractions was estimated to be greater than 5,000 mg/kg in both rats and mice; that of hexane fraction was estimated to be 2,200 and 3,800 mg/kg in mice and rats respectively. The intraperitoneal LD50 in mice was estimated to be 3,800 mg/kg for the methanol extract; 2,200 mg/kg for the residual aqueous fraction and 1,300 mg/kg for butanol and hexane fractions; it was estimated in rats to be 3,800 mg/kg for the methanol extract, residual aqueous and butanol fractions; and 2,200 mg/kg in the hexane fraction. The acetic acid induced writhes and the formalin induced pain licking effect were significantly (p<0.05, p<0.01 and p<0.001) reduced by the methanol extract and the fractions in a dose-dependent manner. The thermal pain latency was also significantly (p<0.05, p<0.01 and p<0.001) increased by the methanol extract and its fractions (except hexane fraction). The paw oedema was also significantly (p<0.05, p<0.01 and p<0.001) reduced by the methanol extract and the fractions across the time. The residual aqueous and butanol fractions (1,000 mg/kg) significantly (p<0.01 and p<0.001) reduced granuloma formation in the cotton pellet-induced granuloma studies in rats. The residual aqueous and butanol fractions significantly (p<0.05 and p<0.01) decreased the concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); the butanol fraction significantly decreased ((p<0.05) concentrations of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and interleukin-1α (Il-1α). The residual aqueous and butanol fractions also significantly (p<0.05 and p<0.01) increased the concentration of Il-1β, IL-5 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) while the residual aqueous fraction significantly(p<0.05) increased the concentration of IL-6 in the rats‘ paw tissue exudates. The pretreatment of mice with l-arginine and metergoline significantly (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively) decreased the analgesic effect of the butanol fraction; while pretreatment with viii naloxone, prazosin, yohimbine, propranolol and glibenclamide,each, had no significant effect on its analgesic activity. The results of the studies revealed that Olax subscorpioidea possesses marked analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities; the anti-inflammatory activity is mediated via the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1α, IL-1β, VEGF and EGF and/or via the stimulation of the synthesis of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-5, IL-6 and IFN-γ. These results also suggest the possible involvement of serotonergic and nitric oxide pathways in the analgesic effect of Olax subscorpioidea.
Related Project Materials
THE EFFECT OF END SARS PROTEST ON SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (SMEs) IN LAGOS STATE
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to examine the effect of EndSARS protest on Small and Medium Enterprises...
IMPACT OF E-LEARNING ON ADULT EDUCATION IN NIGERIA
Abstract: This research examines the impact of e-learning on adult education in Nigeria. The study aimed to investigate how the adoption of e-...
AN EXAMINATION INTO THE FUNCTIONS OF ELECTRONIC BANKING ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIAN ECONOMY
Background Of The Study
Before the emergence of modern banking system, banking operation was manually d...
INFLUENCE OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION ON STUDENTS DISCIPLINE IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS SHONGOM LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA GOMBE
ABSTRACT
Management of discipline is important because it ensures that learners displa...
COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY AND MEDIA PRACTICE IN NIGERIA
Abstract
This research basically looks critically at computer technology and media practice in Nigeria focusing on Akwa...
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF TEACHING AIDS FOR EFFECTIVE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF HOME ECONOMICS IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS
ABSTRACT
This study was set to achieve certain objectives among which are to assess the impact of teach...
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF POLICY FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION WITH RESPECT TO EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
ABSTRACT
The study attempted to examine the effect of educational planning and implementation in Nigerian secondary scho...
DETERMINATION OF SOME HEAVY METALS IN FISH AND LIVESTOCK FEEDS, MANURE AND RIVERS IN SELECTED STATES IN NORTHERN NIGERIA
Abstract
The increasing levels of environmental pollution by toxic metals from various sources have generated a great concern on their im...
AN ANALYSIS OF SUBSTANCE USE RELATED LYRICS IN TWITTER SPACE
Abstract
Drug epidemics have been a major problem in the United States for decades. As of August 2022, recreational marijuana can be lega...
THE EFFECT OF MEFLOQUINE CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS ON THE OUTCOME OF PREGNANCY IN WOMEN OF LOW AND HIGH PARITY IN NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
Malaria accounts for 25% -70% of infant, 30% of under- five and 7% -11% of maternal mortality in Nigeria. The World Health organ...
