An assessment of poverty and childhood immunization coverage in Adamawa State
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Background of the Study:
Childhood immunization is a critical public health intervention that prevents the spread of infectious diseases and reduces child mortality. In Adamawa State, however, immunization coverage remains suboptimal, particularly among impoverished communities. Poverty significantly impacts immunization coverage by limiting access to healthcare services, transportation, and reliable information about vaccination schedules. Families living in poverty often face multiple barriers that prevent them from vaccinating their children, including the costs associated with travel to health facilities and lost income during clinic visits (Okeke, 2023).
The socioeconomic conditions in Adamawa State create an environment where children in impoverished households are at a higher risk of vaccine-preventable diseases. In addition to financial constraints, factors such as low maternal education, cultural beliefs, and mistrust in healthcare systems contribute to low immunization rates. Poor infrastructure and inadequate health service delivery further exacerbate the problem, resulting in coverage gaps that leave many children unprotected (Aminu, 2024).
Various governmental and non-governmental initiatives have been launched to improve childhood immunization, including outreach programs and community health education campaigns. However, the effectiveness of these initiatives in reaching the poorest households remains uncertain. Understanding the relationship between poverty and immunization coverage is essential for designing targeted interventions that can increase vaccine uptake among the most vulnerable populations (Fatima, 2025). This study will assess childhood immunization coverage in Adamawa State in relation to poverty indicators and will explore strategies to enhance vaccine delivery and acceptance in impoverished areas.
Statement of the Problem :
In Adamawa State, childhood immunization rates are significantly lower among impoverished populations, leading to increased vulnerability to preventable diseases. Poverty acts as a barrier to accessing healthcare services, resulting in lower immunization coverage and higher child morbidity and mortality. Financial constraints, coupled with poor access to transportation and healthcare infrastructure, hinder families from ensuring their children receive timely vaccinations (Ibrahim, 2023). Additionally, low levels of education and prevalent misconceptions about vaccines contribute to hesitancy and refusal, further reducing coverage in these communities.
The persistent gap in immunization coverage between wealthier and poorer households underscores the need for targeted public health interventions. Despite the implementation of several vaccination campaigns, these efforts have not fully addressed the underlying socioeconomic determinants that affect vaccine uptake. As a result, significant disparities in immunization rates persist, leading to pockets of high disease incidence and outbreaks that strain the healthcare system (Umar, 2024).
This study aims to investigate the association between poverty and childhood immunization coverage in Adamawa State. By analyzing socioeconomic data alongside immunization records, the research will identify the critical barriers faced by impoverished families. The findings will be used to inform policy and programmatic recommendations designed to increase immunization rates and reduce health inequalities among children in the state.
Objectives of the Study:
- To assess childhood immunization coverage across different socioeconomic groups in Adamawa State.
- To identify poverty-related barriers that impede vaccine uptake.
- To propose targeted interventions to improve immunization coverage among impoverished populations.
Research Questions:
- What is the level of childhood immunization coverage in Adamawa State?
- How does poverty influence vaccine uptake among children?
- What interventions can reduce the gap in immunization coverage between rich and poor households?
Research Hypotheses:
- H1: Higher levels of poverty are associated with lower immunization coverage among children.
- H2: Financial and infrastructural barriers significantly affect vaccine uptake in impoverished areas.
- H3: Targeted community-based interventions will improve immunization rates among low-income populations.
Scope and Limitations of the Study:
This study focuses on urban and rural areas in Adamawa State. Limitations include potential inaccuracies in immunization records and the challenge of isolating poverty effects from other influencing factors.
Definitions of Terms:
- Childhood Immunization Coverage: The proportion of children who have received recommended vaccines.
- Poverty: The state of having insufficient financial resources to meet basic needs.
- Vaccine Hesitancy: Reluctance or refusal to vaccinate despite the availability of vaccines.
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