The Effect of COVID-19 on Routine Immunization Rates in Adamawa State
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Background of the Study
The COVID-19 pandemic, which emerged globally in 2019, caused widespread disruptions to healthcare systems worldwide, including routine immunization services. In Nigeria, including Adamawa State, the pandemic led to lockdowns, restrictions on movement, and the diversion of healthcare resources to manage COVID-19 cases, severely affecting routine healthcare services such as immunization. Routine immunization, crucial for preventing vaccine-preventable diseases, experienced significant delays and disruptions due to the prioritization of COVID-19 efforts. These disruptions raised concerns about the potential increase in vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) as children missed out on their scheduled vaccinations (Agbaje et al., 2023). This study seeks to examine the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on routine immunization rates in Adamawa State and explore the implications for public health.
Statement of the Problem
The outbreak of COVID-19 caused a massive strain on Nigeria’s healthcare infrastructure, and Adamawa State was no exception. This strain led to reduced access to immunization services, especially for children who missed scheduled vaccinations due to lockdown measures and a shift in healthcare priorities. As a result, there is growing concern about the long-term consequences of these disruptions on immunization coverage and the potential resurgence of VPDs. This study aims to explore the effect of COVID-19 on routine immunization rates and identify the challenges faced by health workers and families in maintaining immunization schedules.
Objectives of the Study
- To assess the impact of COVID-19 on routine immunization rates in Adamawa State.
- To identify the barriers to routine immunization during the COVID-19 pandemic in Adamawa State.
- To recommend strategies to recover routine immunization coverage to pre-pandemic levels in Adamawa State.
Research Questions
- How did the COVID-19 pandemic affect routine immunization rates in Adamawa State?
- What were the main barriers to immunization during the COVID-19 pandemic in Adamawa State?
- What strategies can be implemented to restore routine immunization coverage in Adamawa State?
Research Hypotheses
- COVID-19 led to a significant reduction in routine immunization rates in Adamawa State.
- Movement restrictions, healthcare facility shutdowns, and health worker reallocation were the primary barriers to routine immunization during the COVID-19 pandemic in Adamawa State.
- Post-pandemic recovery strategies, such as mobile vaccination clinics and targeted outreach programs, will significantly improve immunization rates in Adamawa State.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
The study will focus on routine immunization services in Adamawa State during the COVID-19 pandemic, evaluating the extent of disruptions and the strategies implemented to address these challenges. Limitations may include difficulties in obtaining accurate data due to reporting delays and the challenge of distinguishing pandemic-related factors from pre-existing immunization issues.
Definitions of Terms
- Routine Immunization: The process of providing vaccinations according to a standard schedule to protect individuals, especially children, from preventable diseases.
- Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (VPDs): Diseases that can be prevented by vaccination, such as measles, polio, and diphtheria.
- Immunization Coverage: The percentage of children who have received all recommended vaccinations according to national or international guidelines.
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