PERCEPTION AND ATTITUDE OF MEN TOWARDS INFERTILITY AMONG INDIVIDUALS IN THE COMMUNITY
- Project Research
- 1-5 Chapters
- Quantitative
- Mean and Standard Deviation
- Abstract : Available
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- Reference Style: APA
- Recommended for : Student Researchers
- NGN 3000
Background Of The Study
Reproduction is known as an essential human desire so that infertility may cause a great deal of psychosocial impairment [Khodakarami, and Hashemi, 2009]. According to WHO, infertility is defined as a disease of the reproductive system in which pregnancy does not occur after 1 year of continued intercourse [Masearenhas, and Flaxma, 2012]. Infertility is considered as a global concern which affects many aspects of life in both genders [Sumera, and Raafay, 2010]. The rates even go up to 186 million people around the world [Inhorn, and Patrizio, 2015].Infertility may work as a painful emotional experience [Dural,&Yasa, 2016]. It can cause a lot of psychological issues including stress, anxiety, depression, diminished self-esteem, declined sexual satisfaction, and reduced quality of life [Kamel & Remah, 2010]. The resulted psychosocial issues affect the female gender adversely more than her spouse [Patrizio, 2015], especially in societies where there are prejudices against women [Balen, and Bos, 2009]. As such, an infertile couples may show a relatively high level of frustration and anger which affect her relationship with family, friends and even spouse. Likewise, infertile couples are more likely to develop mental illnesses, marital dissatisfaction, and impaired quality of life compared to the individuals of fertile group [ Farrokh and Eslamlou, 2014]. Attitudes of men toward infertility are often influenced by ethnic and cultural groups [Aliyeh, and Laya, 2007]. In the eastern societies, the community mainly expects women to play a role as a mother. This will cause many psychosocial concerns and many other challenges if pregnancy does not occur for any reason [Choobfroushzadeh, 2013]. Therefore, more studies are required among eastern societies to reveal the impact of social, cultural and individual factors on an infertile couples’ quality of life [Daniluk, 2002].
Furthermore, while the infertility is not a disease, it and its treatment can affect all aspects of couples’ lives, which can cause various health, psychological, and emotional disorders or consequences including turmoil, frustration, depression, anxiety, hopelessness, guilt, and feelings of worthlessness in life (Maroufizadeh, 2015). For instance, a quantitative study in Iran revealed that infertility treatment is amongst the most stressful factors for the infertile(Ghaheri, 2015). However, according to Isiugo-Abanihe, (1998), infertility can be wholly accepted and managed by the couple as a marital challenge in their enduring love but pressure from society/extended family weaken the relationship. In line with the above, this study is focused on unveiling the perception and attitude of men towards infertility among individuals in the community.
1.2 Statement Of The Problem
Infertility is a global phenomenon that affects between 60 million and 168 million people worldwide(Sami, and Ali, 2006). It affects 13% to 15% of couples worldwide(Kamel, 2010). It places a huge psychological burden on the infertile couple, and it may lead to depression, suicidal tendencies, and other pathologic psychological conditions(Fido, 2004). The medical definition of infertility is the failure to conceive after 12 months of unprotected sexual intercourse(WHO, 2003). Primary infertility is the inability to conceive after 1 year of unprotected sexual intercourse with no previous conceptions. Secondary infertility occurs when couples who have previously conceived children are now unable to conceive(Chandra, Martinez, & Mosher, 2002). Infertility is surrounded by many mistaken beliefs about its causes, such as witchcraft and possession by evil spirits, and these beliefs negatively affect its management(Namujju, 2008). In a previous study on an adult population in Nigeria(Ali, Sophie, & Imam, 2011), only 25% correctly identified when infertility is pathological and only 46% knew about the fertile period in a woman’s cycle. Evil forces and supernatural powers were widely held as causes of infertility. In Kuwaiti women, most educated participants blamed infertility on nutritional, marital, and psychosexual factors, but participants who were not literate blamed their infertility on supernatural causes, such as evil spirits, witchcraft, and God’s retribution.
The risk factors for infertility include smoking, obesity, alcohol consumption, advanced maternal age, sexually transmitted infections, and many others(Namujju, 2008). Increasing the level of knowledge of these factors may help to decrease the incidence of infertility by allowing couples to avoid certain risk factors that might lead to it. This knowledge may also help wider society to understand and empathize with the infertile couple, which may lead to a decrease in the psychological burden to those affected(Bunting, 2008). Because infertility is a taboo subject, people accumulate many misconceptions about reproductive health and fertility all over the world. However, in Agbor, Delta State, no previous studies have been conducted to assess men’s perception and attitude related to infertility. Thus, the aims of this examine the perception and attitude of men towards infertility among individuals in the community.
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