An Investigation of the Relationship Between Water Quality and Diarrheal Diseases in Niger State
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Background of the Study
Access to clean and safe drinking water is fundamental to public health, yet waterborne diseases remain a major challenge in many developing regions. Contaminated water sources are a primary cause of diarrheal diseases, which contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality, particularly among children under five (Okonkwo & Adeyemi, 2024). Pollutants such as bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli), viruses, protozoa, and heavy metals in water sources increase the risk of gastrointestinal infections and other health complications (Adebayo & Tijani, 2024).
In Niger State, access to potable water is inconsistent, with many communities relying on untreated surface water, wells, and boreholes (Usman & Bello, 2024). Factors such as poor sanitation, inadequate waste management, and agricultural runoff contribute to water contamination. The high prevalence of diarrheal diseases in the state suggests a possible link between water quality and public health risks, yet there is limited empirical research quantifying this relationship (Olaniyan et al., 2023).
This study aims to investigate the relationship between water quality and diarrheal disease prevalence in Niger State, providing data-driven recommendations for improving water safety and reducing disease incidence.
Statement of the Problem
Diarrheal diseases remain a leading cause of illness and death in Niger State, particularly among vulnerable populations such as children and immunocompromised individuals (Adebayo & Tijani, 2024). Many households lack access to treated drinking water, increasing their risk of exposure to pathogens and harmful contaminants (Okonkwo & Adeyemi, 2024).
Despite efforts to improve water supply and sanitation, waterborne diseases persist, suggesting that existing interventions may be inadequate or poorly implemented (Usman & Bello, 2024). The absence of comprehensive data linking water quality to disease prevalence limits the effectiveness of public health policies. This study seeks to fill this gap by analyzing water quality indicators and diarrheal disease trends in Niger State.
Objectives of the Study
1. To assess the quality of drinking water in selected communities in Niger State.
2. To examine the prevalence of diarrheal diseases in relation to water contamination levels.
3. To evaluate the effectiveness of existing water treatment and sanitation practices in preventing waterborne diseases.
Research Questions
1. What are the microbial and chemical characteristics of drinking water sources in Niger State?
2. How does water quality influence the incidence of diarrheal diseases?
3. What measures can be implemented to improve water safety and reduce diarrheal disease prevalence?
Research Hypotheses
1. Contaminated water sources are significantly associated with a higher prevalence of diarrheal diseases in Niger State.
2. Poor sanitation and inadequate water treatment practices contribute to the spread of waterborne infections.
3. Improved access to clean water and sanitation can reduce the incidence of diarrheal diseases.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
This study will focus on selected rural and urban communities in Niger State, assessing water quality through laboratory analysis and reviewing disease prevalence records. Limitations may include challenges in obtaining accurate health records and variations in seasonal water quality.
Definitions of Terms
• Water Quality: The physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of water that determine its suitability for consumption.
• Diarrheal Diseases: Infections that cause frequent and loose bowel movements, often caused by waterborne pathogens.
• Sanitation: The practice of maintaining hygiene and proper waste disposal to prevent disease transmission.
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