An Examination of Gender Disparities in Access to Antenatal Care in Borno State
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Background of the Study
Antenatal care (ANC) is crucial for monitoring and improving maternal and fetal health during pregnancy. It provides an opportunity for healthcare providers to deliver essential services, including health education, nutritional support, and early detection of potential complications. However, access to ANC services is not uniform across different populations, with significant disparities observed based on gender norms and socio-cultural factors. In Borno State, Nigeria, various barriers hinder women's access to ANC services. A study assessing the knowledge and barriers to ANC interventions among pregnant women attending primary health care centers in Kano metropolis found that while many pregnant women had satisfactory knowledge of ANC interventions, they faced numerous barriers to accessing these services. These barriers included forgetting to use prescribed medications, financial constraints affecting transportation to health facilities, fear of side effects from medications, and rejection of health education interventions by spouses (Ibrahim et al., 2023). These findings highlight the complex interplay of socio-cultural and economic factors that contribute to gender disparities in accessing ANC services.
Statement of the Problem
Despite the recognized importance of ANC, women in Borno State continue to experience significant challenges in accessing these services. Cultural norms and gender roles often limit women's autonomy in making healthcare decisions, leading to delayed or inadequate ANC utilization. Financial constraints further exacerbate this issue, as many women lack the resources to afford transportation and service fees associated with ANC visits. The study by Ibrahim et al. (2023) underscores the multifaceted nature of these barriers, indicating that interventions must address both socio-cultural and economic factors to improve ANC access. However, there is a lack of comprehensive studies focusing specifically on Borno State, making it difficult to develop targeted strategies to address these disparities.
Objectives of the Study
- To identify the socio-cultural factors contributing to gender disparities in access to ANC services in Borno State.
- To assess the economic barriers affecting women's utilization of ANC services.
- To evaluate the impact of these disparities on maternal and neonatal health outcomes.
Research Questions
- What socio-cultural factors contribute to gender disparities in accessing ANC services in Borno State?
- How do economic barriers affect women's utilization of ANC services?
- What is the impact of limited access to ANC services on maternal and neonatal health outcomes in the region?
Research Hypotheses
- Socio-cultural factors significantly contribute to gender disparities in accessing ANC services.
- Economic barriers have a significant negative effect on women's utilization of ANC services.
- Limited access to ANC services adversely affects maternal and neonatal health outcomes.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
This study will focus on women of reproductive age in both urban and rural areas of Borno State. It will explore socio-cultural and economic factors influencing ANC access and assess health outcomes related to ANC utilization. Limitations may include potential biases in self-reported data, security challenges in certain areas of Borno State, and difficulties in reaching remote populations.
Definition of Terms
- Antenatal Care (ANC): Medical attention and support provided to pregnant women to ensure the best health conditions for both mother and baby during pregnancy.
- Gender Disparities: Differences in outcomes or access to resources between men and women, often resulting from societal norms and roles.
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