Background of the study
Elections have not only been a tool for judging the integrity and validity of a democratic government, but they have also become a tool for determining the death of authoritarianism or the transition to democracy. According to Oni (2015), the universal approval of its conduct as free and fair by individuals and the international community constitutes a credible election. It is one thing to hold an election and then move to democracy, and it is quite another to hold regular elections for years following the change. It also means having credible elections that are widely acknowledged as free and fair by individuals and the international world. The acceptance of election results by stakeholders would thereby boost the likelihood of democratic consolidation. Democracy is a form of governance that encourages popular participation in government and holds elected officials accountable to the voters. Representatives are public office holders who are elected by the people through an election process, with their primary role being to advocate the electorate's interest in the government.
Elections, on the other hand, are democracy's lifeline. It is the pivot on which democracy spins. ccording to Yusuf, (2015), election is a process by which the people pick their leaders, signal their policies and program preferences, and, as a result, invest a government with the ability to rule." According to Creswell, (2017), it is the mechanism by which eligible adult voters elect their politically chosen representatives to a country's parliament legislature (or any other public offices) for the purpose of framing and governing the country's government, The trust in this mechanism stems from the fact that it allows the people to determine who and who should wield political power in relation to their various interests by providing the ballot as an outlet for the expression of voter preference based on their assessment of the integrity of candidates and the dependability of the candidate's party manifesto.
The issues of electoral misconduct have grounded Nigeria's fourth republic's democratic dilemma. Aside from the longer years of colonial dominance and post-independence military expedition that ended with the fourth republic, elections in the country have been plagued by spiraling electoral malpractices, as confirmed by domestic and external election monitoring bodies during the fourth republic elections. Election fraud has been a stumbling block in the country's democracy, even as the country struggles with many other issues such as corruption, factionalism, insurgency, unemployment, poverty, illiteracy, and ethno-religious discord. This research tries to investigate election misconduct and democratic consolidation using the fourth republic as a case study.
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