ABSTRACT

The project dealt on the production of yam flour from yam chips. The yams were peeled and washed, 100grams samples coded sample A to G were subjected to two different drying conditions. Some were dried using the sun drying method while the others were dried through oven drying method kept at constant temperature of 500C, sodium bi-carbonate was added to some of the samples, all these were done to obtain a flour with the best colour and texture quality. From the results obta...

ABSTRACT

The effect of concentration of hydrochloric acid on hydrolysis of cellulose (sawdust) to glucose was studied on this research project and the steps obtained to achieve this project involved treatment of saw-dust (cellulose) with different concentrations of the acid at constant temperature of 80°𝐶 (350k) for 30mins. This was followed by glucose analysis, some analysis or experiments were done on acid hydrolysis in order to study the effect of (HCL) acid on the hydrolysis...

ABSTRACT

This research project studied on the kinetics of hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose. The steps employed to achieve this project involved extraction of cellulose from sawdust and subsequently, hydrolysis of starch to simple sugar. This was followed by glucose analysis. Different experiments were conducted during acid hydrolysis to study the various acids on the hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose. The saw-dust was extracted from the wood by grinding using saw. The process use...

Statement of the Problem

The aggressive exploitation of fossil fuels and other natural resources has contaminated the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the land we inhabit. Over a million tons of carbon (iv) oxide 3 and other climatically-important “greenhouse” gases have already been accumulated in the atmosphere (Arpin and Veaweb, 2007). Within the course of a relatively short time, the concentration of carbon (iv) oxide, CO2, has increased by 40%, and now exceed...

ABSTRACT 

The continuous industrial development in Nigeria has resulted in the generation of industrial wastewaters. Thwastewaters are usually discharged without proper treatment which affects the environment. There are severatechniques applied in the treatment of wastewaters but coag-flocculation and adsorption processes was appliedThus, the present work focused on the utilization of natural coagulants/adsorbents in the removal of turbidity iwastewaters. The aim of this study...

Statement of problem

The economic feasibility of processes using activated carbon for treatment of water and waste water is contingent upon re-use of the carbon in multiple adsorptionregeneration cycle. Activated carbon has been used in treating waste water due to its known high adsorptive capacity over various solutes, but after activated carbon has reached its uptake capacity, it must either be disposed off and replaced with fresh carbon or be regenerated. The relative high cost o...

ABSTRACT

This project work studied the refining of crude soya bean oil extracted from soya bean seed using alkali /caustic refining method. The work was carried out using phosphoric acid for the degumming /pretreatment process and sodium hydroxide for the neutralization /refining of the oil. Certain tests were carried out on both the crude and refined oil such as saponification value, acidic value, iodine value, specific gravity and viscosity, the results obtained after the tests in...

ABSTRACT

This work studied the refining of crude palm kernel oil derived from the kernels within the nut of a palm fruit. This research project was aimed at reducing the non-glycerides present in oil in their crude form using an alkali method of refining. The crude palm kernel oil was first washed with distilled water by heating the mixture in an electric heater for about 2 hours to reduce the impurities present in the oil in their crude form, degummed with phosphoric acid and neutr...

Statement of the Problem

Globally, the Renewable Energy Network for 21st century (REN21) and other national strategies like the Nigerian Renewable Energy Master Plan (REMP), National Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy (NREEEP), Renewable Electricity Policy Guidelines (REPG) etc are geared towards arresting energy issues and environmental problems associated with burning fossil fuel before the year 2025. This has necessisated investigation on the possibility of using alter...

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this work was to study the effect of chemical surface properties of activated carbons for their use in water purification. To achieve this objective, activated carbon in both granular and powdered forms namely: as received and devolatilized carbons were prepared. Proximate analysis of the carbon materials was performed. Mass titration experiments were carried out to determine the point of zero charge of the activated carbon materials. Again, using an ultravio...

SUMMARY

In industry, business, and homes worldwide, metal alloys called stainless steels are used extensively. Stainless steel is a generic term for a large family of iron-based alloys containing a minimum of 10.5% chromium content by weight. The primary alloying element, chromium, forms a thin passive layer of chromium oxide/hydroxide when exposed to air and moisture, which is dense and impervious to water and air, thereby protecting the bulk metal beneath the surface layer. Stainl...

Statement of the Problem

Althoughtremendous research results have been published regarding natural fiber mercerization treatment, which is the primary fiber treatment technique,there are still scanty works conducted in dealing with interaction of factors and optimizing the mercerization treatment conditions. 3 Most parameters considered in mercerization treatment were alkali concentration, fiber soaking temperature and fiber soaking duration. Although similar types of reinforced fib...

Statement of the Problem

Toxic paints still dominate the local market, and as such, these paints are mostly used because they are cheap and readily avaliable. The few available non-toxic paints (washable paint) are sold at high price because the major raw materials are not locally sourced. The behaviours of some of the available washable paints under certain conditions are yet to be established. This research will make use of locally sourced oil to produce and study the behaviour of...

ABSTRACT The uptake of phenol from simulated aqueous solution using agricultural wastes as adsorbents is the focus of this research work. The agricultural wastes used were corn cob and rice husk which were modified with tetraoxophosphate V acid (H3PO4) and carbonized to give corn cob activated carbon (CCAC) and rice husk activated carbon (RHAC) respectively. The surface area of the adsorbents was determined using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) nitrogen absorption method. Other physical prop...

ABSTRACT

Mineral ores are usually processed by means of pyrometallurgical or hydrometallurgical processes. Myriad of deficiencies surrounding pyrometallurgical process have spurred research interests geared toward low temperature and lixiviant concentration hydrometallurgical process. Leaching of copper, zinc and iron from Nigerian chalcopyrite, sphalerite and ilmenite ores using binary solutions (HCl-KCl, HCl-KClO3 and HCl-NaNO3) as lixiviants was investigated. The ore samples were...

ABSTRACT

The kinetics and engine performance of biodiesel from African pear seed oil (APO) and Gmelina seed oil (GSO) by modified clay catalysts were carried out. The catalyst was synthesized by activating it with heat, phosphoric acid and sodium hydroxide. They were characterized using American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) D4067 (1986) standard methods to determine their phsico-chemical properties.The parameters investigated for transesterification of the oils were the reac...

Statement of the problem

One of the major reasons for food shortage is the unavailability of adequate preservation facilities. Some of the food crops are seasonal, being readily available during some periods of the year and scare during other periods due to inefficient preservation. Potato and cocoyam, though very nutritious, easily deteriorates due to the high moisture content they contain which favors the growth and activities of micro-organisms. Drying is one of the ways of...

Statement of the Problem

The obnoxious state of the Nigerian manufacturing sector has created a dire need for accurate bankruptcy prediction models about the overall outlook of companies. This is precipitated on the overbearing consequences of corporate bankruptcy on key stakeholders. Prior studies have mainly focused on the banking sector, using traditional statistical models, such as discriminant and ratio analysis (Nwidobie, 2017; Egbunike & Ibeanuka, 2015; Ezejiofor, Nzewi,...

ABSTRACT

Perfume extraction refers to the extraction of aromatic compounds from raw materials, using methods such as distillation, solvent extraction, expression or enfleurage. The extracts are either essential oils, absolutes, concretes, or butters, depending on the amount of waxes in the extracted product. Heat, chemical solvents, or exposure to oxygen in the extraction process denature the aromatic compounds, either changing their odour, character or rendering them odourless. In...

ABSTRACT

This work investigates the use of extract of alligator pepper pod, mango peel and banana peel asinhibitors to carbon steel corrosion in an acidic industrial environment (oil refinery). Corrosionweight loss method was adopted on the carbon steel coupons to evaluate inhibition efficiencyinthe presence of these plant extracts. The corrosion inhibitor was extracted with the aid of Soxhlet apparatus. Corrosion rate (CR), Inhibitor Efficiency (IE) and Weight loss (∆W) were studie...

ABSTRACT

This project was done to extract and characterize bean oil according to their particle sizes. The experiment was carried out using scent bean (i.e. ‘Ozaki’, ‘Ijilizi’or ‘Azamu’) as sample. The oils were extracted by solvent extraction /leaching extraction using n-hexane. Proximate analysis was carried out to obtain percentage moisture content, ash content, total oil content, protein content and carbohydrate content of the extracted oils....

Significance of the work

In this research, four natural fibers were used as the main reinforcements with high density polyethylene (HDPE) as the matrix. This research will solve the problems of using natural fibers as reinforcements by investigating the optimum conditions for treating the fibers for efficient use in composite production. Fibers as reinforcements with high density polyethylene will upgrade their natural characteristics and can improve their commercial values. These n...

ABSTRACT

This work aimed atdevelopment of carbon oxides sequestration from Yamaha EF1000 generator using post - combustion capture technique. The state of the art is the use of monoethanolamine as sorbent for carbon sequestration. The present study postulated reaction mechanism of sawdust ash leachate with CO2 from flue gas and examined the use of the leachate as sorbent for capture of CO2 and CO from Yamaha EF1000 generator as the source of flue gas. A prototype absorber was design...

Statement of Problem

It would be difficult to imagine how modern life across the globe would operate in theabsence of synthetic polymers. Although these materials (mostly in the form of plastics) haverevolutionized our daily lives, there are consequences to their use, one of these being their high levelsof flammability. For this reason, research into the development of flame retardant (FR) additives forthese materials is of tremendous importance. However, many of the FRs prepared ar...

ABSTRACT

This study is a comparative analysis of the use of coal, fuel oil and natural gas for cement production noting their physical and chemical properties, cost and availability, impact on the environment and human health. Out of the seven cement manufacturing industries in Nigeria, three industries use these fuels were selected for the study. The industries are NigerCem –Ebonyi state, Dangote cement –Benue state and UniCem -Cross river state. Questionnaires were use...

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.

Industrial wastewater has been posing a serious threat to the world, especially the African continent where the industrial wastwater treatment technology has not been fully developed and implemented by the industrialists. The industrialists are more concerned with how to maximize profits from the investment; hence little or no attention is paid to the wastewater generated, which causes a lot of havoc to the environment. This problem is compounded by the att...

ABSTRACT

The research project studies the analysis of pear and its oil. The mesocarp from edible African pear “DacryodesEdulis” were evaluated for their oil yield. The pulp from this pear were oven dried at 100oC-105oC to a moisture content level of 29%.The mesocarp was subjected to proximate analysis to determine the percentage of the moisture, ash, fat, crude fibre, crude protein and carbohydrate content which resulted to the values of 29%, 2%, 19.6%, 25.5%, 11.9%, and...

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

In recent years, increasing awareness of environmental impact of organic and inorganic compounds has prompted the purification of waste water prior to discharge into natural waters. A number of conventional treatment technologies have been considered for treatment of waste water contaminated with organic substance. Among them, the adsorption process has been found to be the most 4 effective method while activated carbon is regarded as the most effective material...

ABSTRACT

In this study, proximate analysis and characterization techniques were carried out on maize tassel fibres in order to check its feasibility as a bio-sorbent for bio-sorption process before the immobilization with Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA). The moisture content, ash content, apparent density, particle size and crude protein of maize tassel fibre were determined to show that the bio-material was exceptional for its use in column adsorption. The surface chemistry of the bio-mate...

ABSTRACT

As interest in biomass utilization into combustion fuels grows, the torrefaction, becomes ever more important. Torrefaction is aimed to maximize energy by removing undesirable components (water, hemicellulose and volatile matter) which cause poor ignition characteristic, excessive smoking and low combustion efficiency when used for energy generation in boilers and blast furnaces. In this research, the effect of torrefaction on the physiochemical and combustion characteristi...

ABSTRACT

This research work focused on the production of bio-based products and response optimization of bio-oil yield operating parameters from shea butter shell. The Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA) was used to determine the thermal stability of the shea butter shell and found to be stable at temperature 400 °C. Also, for the bio-char produced, it was found to be stable at temperature 700 °C. Design of Experiment (DOE) was applied to establish optimal pyrolysis conditions f...

ABSTRACT

This research presents the “Optimization Studies of Process Parameters for the Adsorption of Copper and Arsenic Ions from Simulated Waste Water using Chitosan and Chitosan – Zeolite Beads” which was achieved by developing adsorbents of chitosan and chitosan – zeolite composite beads under acidic and alkaline conditions such as acetic acid and sodium hydroxide mediums. The prepared adsorbents were characterized using X – Ray Diffraction, Brunaue...

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this work is to model and simulate the Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCCU) riser of a refinery having Kaduna Refining and Petrochemical Company (KRPC) Kaduna as a study. The unit’s operation is cracking of heavy gasoil (VGO) to light weight oils in the presence of catalyst (zeolite). The method employed involves the collection of operating conditions, feed stock stream analysis data from the refinery which was processed in order to obtain mass fraction...

ABSTRACT

Extraction is an important separation process for separating high value-added light oils from unconventional oils matrix such as bitumen and extra heavy oil. Thus it is important to understand the extraction process and the characterization of its products. Extraction of Agbabu bitumen yield 54.3 % maltene, 23.7% asphaltene and 21% impurities. The yield of maltene is almost twice (2 times) the yield of asphaltene. Agbabu bitumen, maltene and asphaltene fractions were analyz...

ABSTRACT

Air pollutions pollutant showed that the extent of spreading depends on the motor vehicle traffic population of the area. This pollution strongly generated through combustion of fossil fuels presents difficult environmental challenge to societies as it could degrade the environment and affect human health and quality of life. Vehicular emissions are major contributors to air pollution in urban areas as they contain harmful gases. The levels of carbon monoxide has been inves...

ABSTRACT

The aim of the research was to carryout adsorption study of the removal of chromium(vi) and copper(ii) ions from well water using pectin-chitosan polyelectrolyte complex as adsorbent. The optimum pH and ratio of pectin/chitosan was determined and the chitosan/pectin complex was characterized by using FTIR, BET, XRD, and SEM. Finally, removal efficiency of the PEC for chromium and copper was studied under optimum conditions. I.e. 0.4 g adsorbent mass, 1.221 and 0.12 mg/L of...

INTRODUCTION

The most common type of heat exchanger used in industry contains a number of parallel tubes enclosed in a shell and is thus called a shell and tube heat exchanger.  These heat exchangers are employed when a process required large quantities of fluid to be heated or cooled.  Due to their compact design, these heat exchangers contain a large amount of heat transfer area and also provide a high degree of heat transfer efficiency.

 ...

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY/INTRODUCTION

The Co-operative thrift and Credit Society is now in existence in many institutions of higher learning.  Based on this, one might start to wonder what this research topic is all about, since such a programme is not a new one.

All the same, the truth remains that the existence of Co-operative, Thrift and Credit Society in our higher institutions, one side is lower than the other, badly balanced.  This is to say that its present...

ABSTRACT

Deep eutectic solvents (DES) were synthesized from different mole ratios of K2CO3/glycerol at 400 rpm and 353 K for a period of 2 hours toform a homogenous transparent colorless liquid. ThreeDES were successfully formed at the ratio 1:20, 1:30 and 1:40. The DES synthesized were used as catalyst in transesterification reactionof Jatrophacurcasoil with time varied from 30 to 120 minutes, concentration of DES varied from 8 to 10% w/w, stirred at 300 rpm with a magnetic stirrer...

Abstract

The necessity to source clean energy and contain CO2 emissions has brought about a global interest in the use of biomass as an environmental friendly renewable energy route. One of the drawbacks in the conversion of biomass to energy via pyrolysis/gasification is the liberation of CO2 from the syngas.This study was carried out in a two- stage catalytic process using rice husk as feed, ZSM-5 catalysts for cracking and reforming of the pyrolysis volatiles and calcineddolomite...

ABSTRACT

Public water supply is distributed through water pipe network, which affects the quality of water that gets to the consumers when the integrity of the pipe distribution network is compromised. Hence, this study aimed at investigating and modelling water quality deterioration in the distribution network of Kaduna Metropolis. In order to achieve this water samples were obtained from selected points along the distribution network of Kaduna metropolis for water quality analysis...

Abstract

This research focused on the production of furfural from microalgae biomass and optimizing the process parameters using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Furfural production was carried out by hydrolysis of Pentosans to Pentoses where Pentosans in hemicelluloses is hydrolyzed with dilute mineral acids and NaCl as a promoter at relatively low temperature to pentoses and subsequent dehydration of pentoses to furfural in a single stage process. Central Composite Design (CCD)...

ABSTRACT

High-density polyethylene composites of date seed powder were prepared at filler loadings of 0 to 40wt%. The particle sizes of the date seed powder investigated were 72, 125, 150 and 180µm. Calcium carbonate was used as a reference filler. The high- density polyethylene composites were prepared in a two-roll mill machine and the resulting composites were extruded as sheets. Mechanical, thermal, morphological and physical properties of the composites were determined. R...

ABSTRACT

Biological systems usually consist of large number of components and involve processes at a variety of spatial, temporal and biological scales. This study presents a framework for model identification and the use of Global Sensitivity Analysis (GSA) in systems biology modelling and shows how the information content of clinical data from Short Insulin Tolerance Test (SITT) can be handled by optimal model-based estimation techniques. The goal is to identify dynamic model of t...

ABSTRACT

Aromatization is an important process for catalytic conversion of light alkanes to aromatics which are essential feedstocks to petrochemical industries. A number of catalysts have been used for this transformation among which Zn/ZSM-5 emerged so far best owing to its good dehydrogenating activity, lower cost and environmental friendliness. Compared with similar metals used in aromatization reaction, zinc is known to be unstable at reaction conditionsdue to its low melting p...

ABSTRACT

The successes recorded at the laboratory for the synthesis of zeolite Y and ZSM-5 using Kankara kaolin sourced from Katsina state, Nigeria as starting material necessitated the need for upscale of the production process. This thesis focused on the development of three pilot size production units and characterizing the products obtained from those units. Pilot size reactors for dealumination and production of zeolite Y and ZSM-5 were developed and test run. Manual means of d...

Abstract

The research titled Development of Eucalpytus tereticornis composite for chromium (VI) and lead (II) ions adsorption from simulated wastewater was aimed to establish the efficacy of Eucalpytus tereticornis composite as an adsorbent applied in the adsorption of Cr6+ and Pb2+ ions from simulated solution of respective ions. The adsorbent was pretreated with 0.5M of Nitric acid to remove the adsorbent colouration and soluble organic compound. Characterization of the adsorbent...

Abstract

In this work, the properties of baobab/sisal fibre reinforced low density polyethylene hybrid composites were studied. The effect of fibre loading and fibre treatment with varying sodium hydroxide (NaOH)concentration on the composite properties was investigated. The developed composites were characterized for tensile strength, modulus of elasticity (MOE), elongation at break, hardness and impact strength.Analysis of the results showed that, for the monolith...

Excerpt from the Study

The following conclusions were be drawn from the work

1. Undoped goethite catalyst, copper doped (A) catalyst with 0.2 wt% Cu,copper doped (B) catalyst with 1.6wt% Cu and copper doped (C) catalyst with 3.3wt% Cuwere synthesized by precipitation method and characterized using XRD, surface area analysis, AAS and SEM techniques. 2. Batchwise depuration of the Kaduna refinery wastewaterwas achieved at optimum conditions of 360 minutes re...

ABSTRACT

Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) is perhaps the most useful traditional medicinal plant in India. Each part of the neem tree has huge insecticidal property and is thus commercially exploitaed. During the last two decades, apart from the chemistry of the neem compounds, considerable progress has been achieved regarding the biological activity and insecticidal applications of neem. It is now considered as a valuable source of unique natural products for bota...

ABSTRACT

Well tests exist already for a long time. Since the first oil reservoir was discovered, oil companies have always been keen on estimating reservoir properties such as size. Present day well testing has gone beyond this and its usefulness cannot be overemphasized. This project work is concerned with the use of well testing in identifying well problems. The case under study is the UMU-N2 well of Umusadege field, Kwale. From analysis of the well test data, it...

1. 1. Statement of the general problem

The problem of power generation has remained a persistent problem in Nigeria. A lot has been done to reviving the sector but the issue has persistent which has led us to examining the relationship between gas production in Nigeria and electricity generation.

1. 1. Aims and objectives of the study

The following...

ABSTRACT

Adhesive is a substance that holds materials together by surface attachment, while wood adhesive is a substance that is used to hold plywood for furniture works. This substance is essential and has universal applications. Thus the aim of this research work is to produce it using cassava starch as a base binder. Starch is also used in industries to produce ethanol and glucose for textile industries, laundry and paper adhesive industries.

ABSTRACT

This study has evaluated the effectiveness of metallic materials as chill in sand casting of aluminium alloy. Four plates of dimension 165mm x 80mm x10mm were cast using sand mould. Steel, copper and brass chills in form of cylindrical bar of geometry 7mm in diameter and 50mm long were inserted, side by side at regular intervals of 30mm in each sand mould and the last sample was left unchilled. Experimentation involved testing of mechanical...

BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The increasing demand for education in Nigeria especially tertiary education has been an issue in recent times. Government–owned tertiary institutions as well as those privately owned do not possess the capacity and manpower needed to accommodate the growing number of young school leavers hoping to secure admission into any of these tertiary institutions.

Huang (2013) posits that predicting and evaluating the academic performa...

ABSTRACT

This research work was arrived as the formulation and production of ethanol (ethyl alcohol) from the fermentation of palm wine. A fresh palm wine was ated which was obtained  from Emene in Enugu State.  The characteristics that was tested before and after fermentation were; specific gravity, refractive index and PH value of the fermentated palm wine was first determined, after which samples were formulated for fermentation.  ...

1. 1. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Spent oil sometimes referred to as waste engine oil is produced from automobile mechanic shops and mechanical or electrical engine repairers’ shops (Anoliefo and Vwioko, 2001) after servicing the vehicles engines, generating set and other types of engines. It has dark brown to black colour and it is harmful to the soil environment (Adedokun and Ataga, 2007). This is because it contains a m...

Abstract

The optimization of biodiesel production from two non-edible oils and studies of their fuel and biodegradability properties was carried out. The two oil feedstocks (Yellow oleander and Castor oils) were extracted from their seeds using an oil expeller and their physicochemical properties such as iodine value, moisture content, saponification value, acid value, viscosity, specific gravity and refractive index were determined. Most of these p...

ABSTRACT

The major aim of this project research work is to produce emulsion paint from locally sourced pigment & extenders.

The materials used for the production was of local source.

The major raw materials used for the production of the emulsion paint: water, titanium iv oxide, calcium carbonate, kaoline, calgon, natrosol, biocide P.V.A, ammonia, deformer (Ginap) kerosene, yellow iron oxide and red iron oxide.

Emulsion paint of two...

ABSTRACT

Waste management has been important since time immemorial. With the unprecedented increase in population worldwide, especially in Sub Saharan Africa, waste management has been vital for good health, good environment and aesthetics of its towns and cities. The research intended to study solid waste management as a tool for revenue generation in Rivers state; a case of solid waste management projects in Rimawa, Rivers state, the research design is a descriptive survey. Data...

Abstract

Change is a major part of our lives, whether it is change in industries, technologies or various sectors such as transportation, education, health care or social policies. But we still know little about when and how change occurs. On 29 May 2015, General Muhammadu Buhari was sworn in as the President of Nigeria. The Buhari-led administration is expected to urgently tackle several challenges that have hindered economic prosperity, sustainable security and o...

ABSTRACT

The production of ethanol from food such as corn, cassava etc. is the most predominate way of producing ethanol. This has led to a shortage in food, inbalance in food chain, increased food price and indirect land use. This thesis thus explores using another feed for the production of ethanol- hence ethanol from cellulose. Sawdust was used to carry out the experiment from the production of ethanol and two methods were considered: SHF (Separate Hydrolysis and...

ABSTRACT

The production of cassava flour by the method of traditional processing method (sun drying) and modern processing method (oven drying) was carried out using cassava sliced cubes or peeled cassava.

Indeed, the traditional Nigeria techniques of cassava flour production was studied with a view of achieving same product mechanically. Result of this studies show that the processing time can  be much reduce...