CHEMISTRY TOPICS

ABSTRACT

Phytochemical and antimicrobial screening analysis of Mangifera indica and Carica papaya indicated the presence of alkaloid, saponin, flavonoid, steroid, tannin, phenol and glycoside. Extract of Mangifera indica and Carica papaya were investigated for their antimicrobial activities. The ethanolic extract produced zone of inhibition higher in diameter than aqueous extract against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp, Staphylococcus spp, Streptococcus spp and sa...

 Statement of Research Problem

Having a good medical communication is important in the delivery of high-quality health care and has the potential to help regulate patients’ emotions, facilitate comprehension of medical information, and allow for better identification of patients’ needs, perceptions, and expectations. Patients reporting good communication with their medical care professional are more likely to be satisfied with their care, and especi...

1. 1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND (PREAMBLE)

Technology has played an important role in man’s development and thus, has helped to shape the world as it is seen today. This could be seen in all facets of industrial ventures, hence the introduction of new products into the market.

Man’s growing desire to hold two or more substance together by surface attachment so that they can be used a s a singl...

Abstract

This research work examined and compares the physicochemical properties and some chemical constituents of selected energy drinks. Fourteen (14) brands of energy drinks samples consisting eleven (11) liquid and three (3) powdered forms were randomly purchased. All samples were analyzed for their physicochemical properties (pH, turbidity, conductivity and total dissolved solids), trace and heavy metals, aspartame, sugar and caffeine contents....

ABTRACT

This research involves the application of pyrolysis has been viewed as an efficient means for the proper disposal of waste plastics in the environment amongst others. In this research, the influence of two catalysts namely; Zeolite and Titanium (IV) oxide are examined. Zeolite as a catalyst has obtained approval due to its ability to ensure the production of liquid hydrocarbons when applied in the pyrolysis of waste plastics. It has also been used a bench mark to determine t...

ABSTRACT The study focused on the application of chemometric technique to nutritional quality evaluation of selected processed and unprocessed wheat products in Minna, Niger state. Fourteen wheat samples were collected from three markets in Minna. Proximate compositions of the samples were determined using standard methods. The samples were first wet ashed using H2SO4, H2O2 and deionized water before instrumental analysis using FES for (Na, K, Mg and Ca), colorimetry (P) and AAS for (Fe and Z...

ABSTRACT

In this study, Ag NPs and Ag-CNCs impregnated on CNTs nano adsorbents were developed using a combination of green chemistry protocol and chemical vapor deposition techniques and subsequently characterized using, HRTEM, HRSEM, XRD, EDS and SAED. The adsorption capability of silver-carbon nanotubes (Ag-CNTs) and silver-cellulose nanocrystals are modified multiwalled carbon nanotube (Ag-CNTsCNCs), the nanocomposites are for rapid and efficient removal of selected heavy metals...

ABSTRACT

In this work, ZrO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by green method using Plumeria acuminata leaf extract via the variation of pH. Subsequently, carbon and sulphur were incorporated onto the lattice layer of the prepared ZrO2 nanoparticles by wet impregnation method. The prepared undoped, doped and co-doped zirconium oxide based nanomaterials were characterized for their morphology, phase structure, surface area, microstructure, absorption band, crystallinity and elemental co...

ABSTRACT

Speciation of Copper, Lead, Manganese and Zinc ions in three sewage sludge samples (fresh, digested and dry) from Wupa sewage treatment plant, Abuja were investigated using sequential extraction methods. Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used for instrumental analysis. The sludge physicochemical parameters, total metal concentration using aqua regia digestion, speciation of metals under study, using single extraction with EDTA and sequential extraction analytica...

Justification for the Research

Residents of wetlands like the Nigeria’s Niger delta are concerned about the environmental impact of residual oil spill into receiving surface waters and land. The adverse effect of oil spill to the ecosystem and the long term effect of environmental pollution call for an urgent need to develop a wide range of materials for cleaning up oil from oil impacted areas (Adebajo and Frost, 2004a). Absorbent materials are attractive for some applications...

IMPORTANCE OF STUDY

It is usually a concern over the chemical composition or contamination of foods and the effect this has on its value to the consumer that generates the need for analysis. The quality of food is based on the natural composition, the 10 balance between the nutrient and antinutrient composition (Woodget and Cooper, 1995). Our food should be our medicine according to Hipporcrates, 447-368BC (Serge, 2007). In spite of the modern technology which we frequently mistake...

Statement of the Problem

Automotive battery manufacturing industry has been known to pollute the environment with Lead, a component of automotive battery. Work on an automotive battery in question indicated the pollution of the environment with Lead. Hence the remediation of this environment is important for cleaning the environment of this lead pollutant. Hence the work on phytoremediation of the environment using non-edible flowering plants. Other remediation processes such as Che...

ABSTRACT

Globally the environment has been over the years faced with the challenge natural and anthropogenic waste management which affects water, sediment, fish and humans. These issues necessitated this work aimed at assessing the pollution status of upper part of Imo River, South Eastern Nigeria. This work was carried out using three parameters: physico-chemical, heavy metals concentration and PAHs analysis in three media namely: water, sediment and biota (fish). Triplicate batch...

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

When oil is spilt into the environment, it causes different kinds of pollution that have serious adverse effects on man, animals and plants. These adverse impacts to the ecosystems and the long term environmental pollution calls for urgent need to develop a wide range of material for clean-up of oil from impacted areas. Some of the problems that necessitated this study include 1 Loss of aquatic lives and arable land for farming to oil spills. 2 Crude oil polluti...

Statement of the Problem

Major problems noticed in the study area are:  Lack of toilets and wastes disposal facilities  Open defaecation into river water and frequent reports of diseases  Increased generation and disposal of metal containing wastes into 4 waterways  Leaching and decreased quality of run off waste waterf (Monechot et al. 2014).  Use of metal components in fishing gears and nets  Unauthorized sand excavation and dredging  Corrosion of sunked metal scraps

Statement of the Problem

The industrialization act of 1976 forced the doors open for the multiplication and establishment of small and medium scale industries in Nigeria alongside residential areas. This development gave birth to industrial clusters near the homes of the industrialists. The attendant problem was the ready contamination of the environment by the processing, harvested and waste products. Multiplication of small and medium scale industries lead to mismanagement of the...

Statement of the Problem

It is now known that agricultural materials are used as animal feeds and that they contain phytochemicals. These phytochemicals serve as antibiotic principles of plants. 3 The need for a cheap, renewable, easily available and nutritive source of material as feed supplements has therefore attracted me to investigate African pear leaf, (APL) as an alternative.

Objectives of the Study

Broadly stated, the purpose of this work is to investigat...

BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Plants are important to our everyday life. They provide us with food, produce oxygen that we breath and serve as raw material for many industrial products such as clothings, foot wears, building materials and in the manufacture of biofuels, dyes, perfumes, pesticides, drugs, beverages and preservatives. From medieval times, herbs have been used to flavour and preserve fermented malt liquors but only hop inflorescence is used on a commercial scale today. The hop p...

Statement of Problem

Thermally-induced degradation of vinylidene chloride copolymers has resulted in considerable losses of polymer material during the production process. The homolysis of the C – Cl bond set up a conjugated polyene sequence, which resulted in the coloration of the copolymers, thereby making them unsuitable for use as films or inhibiting their use as barrier films in packaging applications for food and pharmaceuticals (The Dow Chemical Company, 2005). A second...

ABSTRACT

The production and characterization of briquettes from mixtures of coal, corn cob and rice husk has been carried out. The briquette samples were produced by blending varying compositions of coal and rice husk, also coal and corn cob at the ratios of 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80 and 0:100 using bitumen, starch, calcium sulphate and cement as binders and calcium hydroxide as desulphurizing agent. The briquettes were produced mechanically using a manual briquetting machin...

ABSTRACT

This study was carried out to evaluate the concentrations of heavy metals and other contaminants in the effluents from some food industries in Anambra State. Effluents from Life Breweries, Onitsha; KP beverages, Ogidi; Obisco beverages, Ogidi; Golden Vegetable Oil, Onitsha and Resource Improvement and Manufacturing Company (RIMCO Nnewi) in Anambra State were sampled for a period of eight months – four months rainy season and four months dry season – for comparis...

ABSTRACT

The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses of 50 timbers of Nigeria were carried out. The physicchemical properties such as polymeric test, phytochemical test, solubility test, proximate analyses, saponification value, iodine value, acid value and peroxide value and elemental analyses of the wood species were determined. Results showed that the range of experimental values of the chemicals as well as other physical parameters were: moisture content (9.2 –...

ABSTRACT

The depletion and price fluctuations of fossil fuel in the international market have been a major source of concern in total dependence on diesel fuel hence use of biodiesel produced from vegetable oil is a good substitute or additive fuel. Studies were carried out to investigate the fuel properties of Cyperus esculentus, Colocynthus vulgaris, Sesamum indicum ethylesters, methylesters and their corresponding methyl/ethyl ester blends. Ethylesters and methylesters of these o...

Statement of the Problem

From the best of my knowledge, no systematic study has been conducted on the River within the period and the areas mentioned in this work to evaluate its suitability for agro-domestic purposes. River Niger is transboundary water, which many people in Kogi state depend on for their livelihood such as fishing, irrigation purposes, washing and doing household chores. Along the course of the Niger River particularly areas like Idah, Itobe, Shintaku and Lokoja, t...

ABSTRACT

Liquid – liquid extraction of Ni(II) Co(II) and Cu(II) ions from buffered solution into N,N1 -ethylenebis (4-propionyl-2,4- dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one) imine (H2PrEtP) Schiff base as a function of pH and concentration of solution was investigated. The synergistic effect of 4-propionyl-2,4-dihydro-5- methyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one (HPrP) have all been investigated and optimized. Effects of complexing species alongside anionic substances and certain mi...

ABSTRACT

Soil erosion is the removal/movement of soil particles from one area to another; and one method of preventing these soil particles from eroding is by chemical stabilization (which involves altering the properties of the soil particles by adding cement, lime or any other cementing material). The aim of this study is to investigate the chemical stabilization of some soils of gully erosion-prone areas of Anambra State. Seven soil samples were collected from seven different loc...

Statement of the problem

Paint industry is one of the fastest growing economies in Nigeria. The effluents its discharge has contributed a lot to the pollution of our environment because of toxic chemicals and heavy metals that are emanating from them (Körbahti and Tanyolac¸ 2009). These toxic chemicals and heavy metals end up in our rivers, dams, lakes and 5 oceans killing the aquatic lives thereby making the water unfit for drinking and domestic purposes. Conventional ph...

2 Statement of the Problem

Petroleum substances pose a threat to the environment as they negatively affect plant production and put health of people and animals at risk (Zacharyasz et al., 2012 and Kolwzan et al., 2001). They cause carcinogenic, mutagenic and toxic effects (Ribes et al., 2003, Freitag et al., 1985 and DEC, 1992). Chemicals associated with oil spillage are benzene, toluene, petroleum hydrocarbons, phenol, oil and grease, heavy metals etc. Some of these substances are...

2 Statement of the Problem Petroleum substances pose a threat to the environment as they negatively affect plant production and put health of people and animals at risk (Zacharyasz et al., 2012 and Kolwzan et al., 2001). They cause carcinogenic, mutagenic and toxic effects (Ribes et al., 2003, Freitag et al., 1985 and DEC, 1992). Chemicals associated with oil spillage are benzene, toluene, petroleum hydrocarbons, phenol, oil and grease, heavy metals etc. Some of these substances are volatile,...

ABSTRACT

Two types of biodiesels (methyl esters and butyl esters) were synthesized from Cucurbita pepo, Afzelia africana and Hura crepitans seed oils using acid catalysis. Solid acid catalysts were prepared from biowastes (seed cake/shell) from the oil seeds via partial carbonization to aromatize the materials and subsequent sulfonation to introduce –SO3H group on them. Ten different solid acid catalysts (0HuSO3H, 30HuSO3H, 60HuSO3H, 90HuSO3H, 120HuSO3H, 0ASO3H, 30ASO3H, 60ASO...

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Human activities have led to immense pollution of our environment especially the water bodies. This is as a result of the discharge of inorganic effluents from industries directly into the environment without treatment due to the high cost of establishing or maintaining the effluent treatment plant. These effluents enter the food chain when the aquatic organisms in the water bodies adsorb/absorb them and they are then eaten by human being thereby causing several...

Abstract

Anaerobic biodegradation of banana leaves by cellulolytic fungus (yeast) was conducted at optimum operational conditions of concentration, temperature and pH for biogas and bioliquid production. Proximate analysis of both the fermented and unfermented substrates was carried out. Effects of nutritive additives on biogas and bioliquid production were investigated. The bioliquid generated was extracted by soxhlet extraction and, its components were separated into maltenes (sol...

Statement of Problem

The act and practice of smoking cigarette also impacts differently amongst respective societies, cultures and ecosystems but generally can be viewed under common mitigating factors(Suhrcke et al., 2006; Townsend et al., 2006; WHO, 2004; WHO, 2011a). As reported, (ASH, 2009) estimates have it that smoking prevalence within the African region will rise by as much as 39 percent by 2030. This is an uphill from a 15.8 percent in 2010 to 21.9 percent 2012 (Blecher and...

ABSTRACT

This project is concerned with the development and evaluation of an atomtrapping technique for determination of heavy metals in environmental samples. Modified atom-trapping technique using fabricated nickel tube/sample holder (crucible) was employed to increase the sensitivity of a flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Basic performance data for different parameters, such as burner height and the height of the support, were studied. Different designs and ways of placing th...

ABSTRACT

Studies of physico-mechanical and morphological properties of pure and -cellulose reinforced blends of polystyrene (PS) and poly (vinyl acetate) (PVAc) are reported in this work. The compression moulded articles of the blends of different compositions (10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60, 50:50, 60:40, 70:30, 80:20 and 90:10, PS/PVAc) were tested for mechanical performance, absorption behaviour, void activity and morphological arrangements. Comparison of mechanical properties such...

Background of the study

Biomass, particularly agricultural residues seem to be one of the most promising energy resources for developing countries (Patomsok, 2008). Rural households and minority of urban dwellers depend solely on fuel woods (charcoal, firewood and sawdust) as their primary sources of energy for the past decades (Onuegbu, 2010). Of all the available energy resources in Nigeria, coal and coal derivatives such as smokeless coal briquettes, bio-coal briquettes, and biom...

ABSTRACT

Some haemoglobins have high oxygen affinity (high-affinity) while others have low oxygen affinity (low-affinity) as exemplified in human and cat haemoglobins respectively. High-affinity haemoglobins bind organic phosphates strongly and this lowers their oxygen affinities and their CysF9[93]β sulphydryl reactivities. Low-affinity haemoglobins on the other hand, bind organic phosphates weakly, and their oxygen affinities are hardly affected. Consequently, an assumption w...