The Impact of Smoking on Lung Cancer Prevalence in Niger State
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Background of the Study
Lung cancer is one of the deadliest forms of cancer worldwide, with tobacco smoking being the leading risk factor (Okonkwo & Adeyemi, 2024). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), smoking accounts for approximately 85% of lung cancer cases globally, making it the most preventable cause of the disease (Adebayo & Tijani, 2024). Despite global efforts to reduce smoking rates, tobacco use remains prevalent in many parts of Nigeria, including Niger State, where public awareness and enforcement of tobacco control policies are limited (Usman & Bello, 2024).
Niger State, located in north-central Nigeria, has witnessed a growing trend of tobacco use, particularly among young adults and middle-aged men (Olaniyan et al., 2023). The rising consumption of cigarettes and other tobacco products, coupled with limited healthcare access and delayed cancer diagnosis, has contributed to increasing lung cancer cases in the region (Chukwuma et al., 2023). Furthermore, secondhand smoke exposure in households and public spaces remains a significant concern, contributing to the lung cancer burden among non-smokers.
While the link between smoking and lung cancer is well established globally, there is limited empirical data specifically examining the impact of smoking on lung cancer prevalence in Niger State. This study aims to analyze smoking trends, lung cancer incidence, and public awareness to provide evidence-based recommendations for lung cancer prevention in the state.
Statement of the Problem
Lung cancer cases in Niger State have been on the rise, yet smoking rates remain high due to cultural acceptance, lack of smoking cessation programs, and weak enforcement of tobacco control policies (Adebayo & Tijani, 2024). While research confirms the direct link between smoking and lung cancer, there is a shortage of region-specific studies that quantify smoking-related lung cancer prevalence in Niger State (Okonkwo & Adeyemi, 2024).
Many smokers in the region lack awareness of the long-term health risks of tobacco use, and early detection of lung cancer is often hindered by inadequate screening programs (Usman & Bello, 2024). Additionally, passive smoking continues to pose a threat to non-smokers, further increasing lung cancer cases. Without accurate data on smoking prevalence and its direct impact on lung cancer in Niger State, health interventions may fail to effectively address the crisis.
Objectives of the Study
1. To assess the prevalence of smoking and lung cancer cases in Niger State.
2. To determine the impact of smoking on lung cancer incidence in Niger State.
3. To evaluate the level of awareness about the risks of smoking-related lung cancer.
Research Questions
1. What is the prevalence of smoking and lung cancer cases in Niger State?
2. How does smoking contribute to lung cancer prevalence in Niger State?
3. What is the level of awareness regarding smoking risks and lung cancer among residents?
Research Hypotheses
1. Smoking significantly increases lung cancer prevalence in Niger State.
2. Secondhand smoke exposure contributes to lung cancer cases among non-smokers in Niger State.
3. Limited awareness of smoking-related health risks is associated with higher smoking rates in Niger State.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
This study will focus on the correlation between smoking and lung cancer in Niger State, analyzing hospital records, smoking prevalence surveys, and awareness levels. Limitations may include difficulties in obtaining accurate smoking history from patients, underreporting of lung cancer cases, and challenges in accessing rural populations.
Definitions of Terms
• Lung Cancer: A type of cancer that originates in the lungs, often caused by smoking.
• Smoking: The act of inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning tobacco products.
• Secondhand Smoke: Smoke inhaled involuntarily from tobacco products used by others.
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